Forensic Psychology Criminal Investigation And The Law

Forensic Psychology The client is facing a lengthy sentence and their only hope is to plead mental insanity, their only hope is their forensic psychologist. The thrill of not knowing what will come of your day can be perfect for someone who craves adrenaline. Forensic Psychology is an unsung hero becoming recognized. One could wake up in the morning and have to travel or go to court and help decides someone’s fate. It may not be the most popular job or the career with the most recognition but for many it is morally satisfying. Job Duties In this job occupation the main responsibilities are applying psychology to the field of criminal investigation and the law. Many who practice in this field work within the courts in custody disputes, insurance claims and law suits. As can be seen in Figure 1 job duties can range from trial consultations to attorneys to assessment of mental state. â€Å"Some work in family courts and offer psychotherapy services, perform child custody evaluations, investigate reports of child abuse, and conduct visitation risk assessment† (Cherry, 2014). Although the entire occupation is very intriguing the most interesting aspects of it have to be the custody disputes, child custody evaluations, investigating reports of child abuse, conducting visitation risks and just overall working in the family courts. Custody disputes and investigating child abuse are among the most interesting but they are also the most tedious and difficult. It would be very difficultShow MoreRelatedEssay on Forensic Psychology Deals with Both Law and Psychology625 Words   |  3 PagesForensic (criminal) psychology is a job field that deals with both psychology and law. The field has experienced dramatic growth in recent years due to the role of popular movies, television programs and books popularizing the field. Often these individuals are depicted as vivid components in solving vicious crimes or timing out a criminal’s next home. While these depictions of certainly entertaining, yet these portrayals are not necessarily precise. Forensic psychologists play an instrumental roleRead MoreForensic Criminology : Forensic Psychology And Psychologists822 Words   |  4 PagesForensic Psychology and Psychologists Forensic psychologists are helpful in many criminal investigations as well as civil investigations. These types of psychologists must have advanced knowledge in many areas such as clinical psychology, forensic science, and many legal matters. Their main job is to aid in police investigations and/or assist as an expert witness in both criminal and civil trials. Forensic psychology is a major part of psychology because it helps define who a criminal is andRead MoreForensic Psychology And The Human Mind And Its Functions1627 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology and law at first glance are not two terms that seem to correspond with each other. One might even question why they would be mentioned in the same context. Crime has become a major issue within today’s society. It seems as though the only way to prevent most of them is to enforce the repercussions of the act and punish those that partake in it. Criminals often have motives or attributes that lead them into a life of crime. Forensic psychology is the cynosure that brings the associationRead MoreCrime and Forensic Psychology1117 Words   |  5 Pagescriminology.  The expectation is to make sure the public understands the facts of law enforcement and to differentiate between the fictions presented in different media outlets.   Please answer the following questions and requirements to write your 4–6-page paper. As you answer each question, you must provide support or evidence that will enhance and empirically prove your answers.  Academic criminal justice articles or real-life criminal justice findings that are found in journals or other academic sources mustRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Forensic Psychology1406 Words   |  6 PagesForensic Psychology At Its Core More than half of the world’s population is filled with criminals, individuals wonder why criminals do what they do. In order to have these questions answered, a Forensic Psychologist’s is needed, the basic definition of a Forensic Psychologist is an individual that treats criminal- related people. Here is some information about everything there is to know of a Forensic Psychologist, their salary, types of jobs, well- known people, famous cases, and their disadvantagesRead MoreExplain the Differences Between Criminologists, Criminalists, and Forensic Psychologists and What Is the Difference in Their Disciplines of Expertise.1550 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity Unit 1 Individual Project CRJS105 –1103b-04 Theories of Crime Causation August 28,2011 Abstract In this paper I will explain the differences between Criminologists, Criminalists, and Forensic psychologists and what is the difference in their disciplines of expertise. As well as looking at blue collar crime vs. white collar crime, how they are reported and measured by the FBI in their uniformed crime reporting. Also how blue collar crimeRead MoreInvestigation Of A Criminal Investigation Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigation Research A criminal investigator can be described as an individual who collects, records, and analyzes evidence and information related to a criminal offense. The main goal of criminal investigation is to discover the truth regarding the events and processes that contributed to the occurrence of a criminal offense. Generally, the investigative process has four major objectives i.e. establishing the occurrence of an offense, determining and arresting the suspect, recovering stolenRead MorePsychology : The Psychology Of Psychology877 Words   |  4 PagesThis psychology class has further introduced me to two subfields of psychology that interest me. The first subfield is clinical psychology, which is â€Å"the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change† (American Psychological Association, 2015). They study different types of metal, emotional, and behavioral disorders from things as small and temporary such as school and work stres s, to permanent issues like schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorderRead MoreCriminal Profiling: Does it Really Work? Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal profiling has become a very popular and controversial topic. Profiling is used in many different ways to identify a suspect or offender in a criminal investigation. â€Å"Criminal profiling is the process of using behavioral and scientific evidence left at a crime scene to make inferences about the offender, including inferences about personality characteristics and psychopathology† (Torres, Boccaccini, Miller, 2006, p. 51). â€Å"The science of profiling rests on two foundation blocks, basic forensicRead More Investigative Psychology Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigative Psychology As stated by Bartol and Bartol (2008), investigative psychology is the application of psychological research and principles to the investigation of criminal behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Investigative psychology is closely associated with criminal profiling, but there are other areas in which a forensic psychologist can participate in this particular subspecialty. An investigative psychologist maybe asked to perform a psychological autopsy, forensic hypnosis, or produce

Definitions of Research Essay Topics List

Definitions of Research Essay Topics List Nobody will argue that It's quite challenging to compose an academic paper if there's no structure for it. When you own a list before your eyes, it is going to be much easier to compose your mind and get started considering a specific matter. When it has to do with choosing topics for a research paper there are many options to pick from and you need something that's unique while having the ability to compose well-defined details. What's more, everything is going to be kept strictly confidential. Research Essay Topics List - Dead or Alive? Planning is crucial in any sort of home task, from creating a powerpoint presentation to supplying American Government homework help to your friend. Choosing topics for research papers can take some moment, and here are a couple of ways to help you select the one which is just perfect. Some programs nowadays are intended to teach children. Students' debts keep increasing and it's not beneficial t o constantly require them to obtain something to be able to prepare for their exams. Nurse practitioners have one of the quickest growing careers in the nation, and we have all of the info you will need to understand about what things to anticipate from nurse practitioner school. Researching any issue about government or laws may get overwhelming because of the intricacy of the issues and even due to the wording of some laws. Get the Scoop on Research Essay Topics List Before You're Too Late To utilize APA paper outline or a different style, you should read many samples of such documents. When prior brainstorming is finished, you can begin drafting your essay. Whatever research paper topic you select, be sure you can genuinely explore it and prove your point in the little quantity of space you've got. There you may learn to construct the structure and its elements. The Benefits of Research Essay Topics List Women empowerment contributes to social development 62. Together wi th a complete expert attitude our experts also place particular emphasis on the customer's expectations also. Search for what local charge of education is all about. If you're confused with a number of interesting topics to research on the web, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. You need to write a minumum of one research paper in a semester for a lot of the subjects. College students should use a suitable numbering for unique sections. Opt for the research paper topic that you're interested in. If you wish to discover topics for research paper use our website! You're now prepared to compose your very first research paper and you can't decide what things to write it on. The more you fully grasp the simpler it's for you to compose a thriving research paper. The Research Essay Topics List Cover Up The thesis will provide you with a guideline on how best to go about with writing the essay. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. On the opposite edge, the research essay topic should be one which your readers will discover easy to comprehend. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be sure you opt for a wonderful topic before you commence writing. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. You should understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. Easy expository essays are essays where you're anticipated to work on facts instead of opinions. Writing an excellent persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. Facts, Fiction and Research Essay Topics List What follows is an extensive collection of the most intriguing research topics to have you started. There are occasions when you're assigned with the topic but more frequently, you will need to create a topic on your own. There's no point if one selects a topic that isn't even understandable. As soon as you choose a specific topic, step one is to develop into an authority in the area. A great paper topic ought to be interesting and ought to incorporate an original idea or position try to prevent cliche topics which will likely bore your reader.

Gods Gifts free essay sample

92 degrees, yet it felt like 115. Sweat saturated my face and back. Drink water. Group leaders plastered into my brain that drinking water should become religious. But it’s warm. How is lukewarm water suppose to make you feel better? I slowly drifted into a different mindset. No. Come back. Remember why you are here. The Dominican Republic is far from anything I’ve experienced. The continuous noise of honking swerving mopeds raced the streets. Skyscraping landfills slowly burned and let off a sour odor. Little children roamed the streets scouring for food, and old torn down huts, citizens called homes, overwhelmed the city. Wow. I’m lucky. I’m living the American Dream. Stepping off the bus at Batey 22, a village next to the sugar cane fields, a rush of hot, stuffy air blew into my face. The first thing Hal and I noticed were two twin boys lounging under a lush mango tree, staring. We will write a custom essay sample on Gods Gifts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hal whispered to me, â€Å"Let’s go talk to them.† Nervous to get rejected I hesitantly agreed. Approaching them my first impression was that they were small. Malnourished. They had tiny bodies. The boy on the left was fitted in a tight purple tank top and oversized ripped jeans. His arms were scrawny, legs were skinny, and his face was slim. His tank top was fitted so tightly to his body that every rib and bone poked out. The boy on the right dressed solely in blue cotton mid thigh shorts and gray crocs. His shoulder blades stuck out, his bony legs looked skinny enough to snap. They both looked to be about four years old. I cautiously squatted down to eye level, looked at the twin on the left and fearfully asked, â€Å"Como Se Llama?† â€Å"Louis,† he whispered under his breath as he fiddled with his toes. How can I make this boy feel wanted and important? Acting from my initial instinct without hesitation, I jumped up, grabbed Louis under his arms and propped him up on my hip. Expecting him to start crying or stare at me with a face of utter terror, he proved me wrong. He touched my head. Stroked my hair. Felt my face. A small grin formed on his face and Louis wrapped his arms around my neck tight and did not let go. All he wanted was attention. The love and attention he received from me were all he needed. He didn’t need materialistic items to be happy, but solely love and affection. Humbling. The next day we returned to the same batey. Louis and his brother Leonide had been on my mind all night. Today I didn’t care about having to drink room temperature water, or how scorching hot the sun was, I wanted to be back with Louis and Leonide. Rushing off the bus the atmosphere uplifted me. The families were astonished to have us back, but where were the twins? The mango tree was empty. No Louis. No Leonide. â€Å"Let’s check if they are in their house,† I nervously said to Hal. Knocking on the door, sweat dripped from my pores. My hands were clammy, and my knees began to feel weak. My heart pounded against my chest. I couldn’t stop cracking my knuckles. Will they remember us? Will they think we are complete strangers? The door slowly began to crackle, and it flung open. â€Å"Hola† I spoke in my broken Spanish accent. Immediately after the word left my lips, I experienced another rush of anxiety. Have I disrespected them? Is it culturally correct to go knocking on locals doors? Suddenly my heart melted. My eyes were glossy, and my anxious body was put to ease. For a moment the blazing sun disappeared, the salty taste in my mouth disintegrated, and the lingering aroma of dog crap and moldy mangoes vanished. Two tiny bodies turned. Frantically speaking in Creole with smiles so big I questioned them, Louis and Leonide sprinted toward the door. Louis fitted in the same baggy purple shirt and ripped jeans, and Leonide in the blue, cotton mid thigh shorts and crocs. The next thing I knew I was embraced by two of God’s most precious gifts. All the worries in my world were masked by two little boys who changed my outlook on life. Louis and Leonide changed my perspective; they taught me many valuable lessons. Their contagious laugh taught me to appreciate all that I have. They taught me that no matter how poor the circumstances I can be happy. They taught me to be grateful. They live off rice, beans, mangoes, and dirty unfiltered water; but, they were the happiest kids I’ve ever met from only receiving an hour of attention. Looking back on my experience, I feel guilty for complaining about not having cold water, not having AC at night, or even complaining about being tired. Most of all, these boys humbled me. I may never see Louis and Leonide again, but the memory of having them hold me tight will be a moment that stays with me forever.

Why People Read free essay sample

Many people who like to spend time in the library or reading on their e-readers are constantly asked the same question, â€Å"Why do you like to read?† They may laugh at first but they’d all say just about the same thing; there are tons of reasons why I like to read. Some say it challenges them and helps to benefit your brain, others may say it’s because it’s relaxing. However, most people would probably say it’s because of the journey or the adventure. It might surprise you how many people actually like to read, there’s something out there for everyone. In a poll, 18% of readers said that they read because of the challenge it serves them. It’s a great way to help your brain. Reading at least 30 minutes a day will help expand vocabulary and to read and write better. More people, however, read just to have their own personal time. We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Read or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page About 22% said that they read because it’s fun and relaxing. Many people claim it’s their time to â€Å"de-stress†, their â€Å"quiet time†. Many people say it’s peaceful and they can just unwind and open up but it’s not the main reason why people like to read. More than half of the people asked said that reading takes them on a journey. They get to escape to a new time or a new place; they can be someone else for a little bit. It’s calming knowing that you can open up a good book and get sucked right into a place you’d swear you know better than your house. They endure the tough challenges and problems and see how they are solved or fixed. It’s the joy of reading. So, while many people may enjoy watching T.V or sleeping, there are still quite a few people that do still read. Magazines, blogs, book, newspapers; it doesn’t matter what people read, they’re just reading. Whether it is for fun, just because, or whatever other reason, people like to read.

Programming Languages Comparison

Programming Languages Comparison Since the 1950s, computer scientists have devised thousands of programming languages. Many are obscure, perhaps created for a Ph.D. thesis and never heard of since. Others became popular for a while then faded due to lack of support or because they were limited to a particular computer system. Some are variants of existing languages, adding new features like parallelism- the ability to run many parts of a program on different computers in parallel. Read more about What is a programming language? Comparing Programming Languages There are several ways to compare computer Languages but for simplicity, well compare them by Compilation Method and Abstraction Level. Compiling to Machine Code Some languages require programs to be transformed directly into Machine Code- the instructions that a CPU understands directly. This transformation process is called compilation. Assembly Language, C, C, and Pascal are compiled languages. Interpreted Languages Other languages are either Interpreted such as Basic, Actionscript, and Javascript, or a mixture of both being compiled to an intermediate language - this includes Java and C#. An Interpreted language is processed at runtime. Every line is read, analyzed, and executed. Having to reprocess a line every time in a loop is what makes interpreted languages so slow. This overhead means that interpreted code runs between 5 - 10 times slower than compiled code. The interpreted languages like Basic or JavaScript are the slowest. Their advantage is not needing to be recompiled after changes and that is handy when youre learning to program. Because compiled programs almost always run faster than interpreted, languages such as C and C tend to be the most popular for writing games. Java and C# both compile to an interpreted language which is very efficient. Because the Virtual Machine that interprets Java and the .NET framework that runs C# are heavily optimized, its claimed that applications in those languages are as fast if not faster as compiled C. Level of Abstraction The other way to compare languages is level of abstraction. This indicates how close a particular language is to the hardware. Machine Code is the lowest level,  with Assembly Language just above it. C is higher than C because C offers greater abstraction. Java and C# are higher than C because they compile to an intermediate language called bytecode. How Languages Compare Fast Compiled Languages Assembly LanguageCCPascalC#Java Reasonably Fast Interpreted PerlPHP Slow Interpreted JavaScriptActionScriptBasic Machine Code is the instructions that a  CPU  executes. Its the only thing that a CPU can understand and execute.  Interpreted  languages need an application called an  Interpreter  that reads each line of the program source code and then runs it. Interpreting Is Easier Its very easy to stop, change and re-run applications written in an interpreted language and that is why theyre popular for learning programming. There is no compilation stage needed. Compiling can be quite a slow process. A large Visual C application can take from minutes to hours to compile, depending on how much code has to be rebuilt and the speed of memory and the  CPU. When Computers First Appeared When computers first became popular in the 1950s, programs were written in machine code as there was no other way. Programmers had to physically flip switches to enter values. This is such a tedious and slow way of creating an application that higher level computer languages had to be created. Assembler: Fast to Run- Slow to Write! Assembly language is the readable version of Machine Code and looks like this Mov A,$45 Because it is tied to a particular CPU or family of related CPUs, Assembly Language is not very  portable  and is time-consuming to learn and write. Languages like C have reduced the need for Assembly Language programming except where RAM is limited or time-critical code is needed. This is typically in the  kernel  code at the heart of an Operating System or in a video card driver. Assembly Language Is the Lowest Level of Code Assembly Language is very low level; most of the code just moves values between the  CPU  registers and memory. If you are writing a payroll package you want to think in terms of salaries and tax deductions, not  Register  A to Memory location XYZ. This is why higher level languages like C,  C#  or  Java  are more productive. The programmer can think in terms of the problem domain (salaries, deductions, and accruals) not the hardware domain (registers, memory, and instructions). Systems Programming With C C was devised in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. It can be thought of as a general purpose tool- very useful and powerful but very easy to let bugs through that can make systems insecure. C is a low-level language and has been described as portable Assembly language. The syntax of many scripting  languages is based on C, for example,  JavaScript, PHP, and ActionScript. Perl: Websites and Utilities Very popular in the  Linux  world, Perl was one of the first web languages and remains very popular today. For doing quick and dirty programming on the web it remains unrivaled and drives many websites. It has though been somewhat eclipsed by  PHP as a web scripting language. Coding Websites With PHP PHP  was designed as a language for Web Servers and is very popular in conjunction with Linux, Apache, MySql, and PHP or LAMP for short. It is interpreted, but pre-compiled so code executes reasonably quickly. It can be run on desktop computers but is not as widely used for developing desktop applications. Based on C  syntax, it also includes  Objects  and Classes. Pascal  was devised as a teaching language a few years before C but was very limited with poor string and file handling. Several Manufacturers extended the language but there was no overall leader until Borlands Turbo Pascal (for Dos) and Delphi (for Windows) appeared. These were powerful implementations that added enough functionality to make them suitable for commercial development. However, Borland was up against the much bigger Microsoft and lost the battle. C: A Classy Language! C or C plus classes as it was originally known came about ten years after C and successfully introduced Object Oriented Programming to C, as well as features like exceptions and templates. Learning all of C is a big task- it is by far the most complicated of the programming languages here but once you have mastered it, youll have no difficulty with any other language. C#: Microsofts Big Bet C#  was created by  Delphis architect Anders Hejlsberg after he moved to Microsoft and Delphi developers will feel at home with features such as Windows forms. C#  syntax  is very similar to  Java, which is not surprising as Hejlsberg also worked on J after he moved to Microsoft. Learn C# and you are well on the way to knowing  Java. Both languages are semi-compiled so that instead of compiling to machine code, they compile to  bytecode  ( C# compiles to  CIL  but it and Bytecode are similar) and are then  interpreted. Javascript: Programs in Your Browser Javascript  is nothing like Java, instead, its a  scripting  language based on C syntax but with the addition of  Objects  and is used mainly in browsers. JavaScript is interpreted and a lot slower than  compiled  code but works well within a browser. Invented by Netscape it has proved very successful and after several years in the doldrums is enjoying a new lease of life because of  AJAX; Asynchronous Javascript and XML. This allows parts of web pages to update from the server without redrawing the entire page. ActionScript: A Flashy Language! ActionScript  is an implementation of JavaScript but exists solely within Macromedia Flash applications.  Using vector-based graphics, it is used mainly for games, playing videos and other visual effects and for developing sophisticated user interfaces, all running in the browser. Basic for Beginners Basic  is an acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code and was created to teach programming in the 1960s. Microsoft has made the language their own with many different versions including VBScript for websites and the very successful  Visual Basic. The latest version of that is VB.NET and this runs on the same platform  .NET  as C# and produces the same CIL bytecode. Lua is a free scripting language written in C that includes garbage collection and coroutines. It interfaces well with C/C and is used in the games industry (and non-games as well) to script game logic, event triggers, and game control. Conclusion While everyone has their favorite language and has invested time and resources in learning how to program it, there are some problems that are best solved with the right language. E.G you wouldnt use C for writing web apps and you wouldnt write an Operating System in Javascript. But whichever language you choose, if its C, C or C#, at least you know youre in the right place to learn it.

Which Tools Improve Your Chances

Which Tools Improve Your Chances Whether you are freelancing or penning the next great American novel, these days the Internet slings hundreds of tools, clubs, databases and short-cuts at you, all filled with promises. They claim to make your journey easier, more profitable, give you access to people youd never meet otherwise. What you dont realize is that many of them are simply attempting to make a buck off your eagerness. Writers crave publication with a passion. So much so that they often lose the ability   to judge efficiency. Writers also crave camaraderie, and all too often these groups give writers a sense of membership. I-feel-your-pain type of stuff. These online tools prey on both of those urges. They can steal your goals, making you focus more on the tool than the prize. Oyster is shutting its doors. So is Authonomy. I just watched two publications change from paper and electronic to purely electronic, all in the name of we meant to from the start or its to save the environment. Any tool out there exists to make a dollar, just like you. Theres nothing wrong with some of these tools, if you accept them as working for you, not vice versa. You should feel you get what you pay for, not feel that the tool will sculpt you into something youre not. You also dont need all those tools. A handyman may have a warehouse full of tools, but the majority of those he needs fits in his truck. Why should he invest into so many tools if he cannot see where they improve his productivity, success, and income? Nothing beats hard work and research. Or word-of-mouth from those whove gone before you. Dont become so entrenched in tools, clubs, and services that if they disappeared tomorrow, youd feel unable to continue. Recognize them for what they are. Choose the few that nurture your goal but dont distract you from it, and then strike out. Write and submit. Promote and publish. And be able to trek on no matter what tool decides to fold because its nary more than a tiny wrinkle in your pursuit of your craft.

Cold war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Cold war - Essay Example is of cold war and it led to worsening of economy in Europe and decline of Soviet Union, cutting of military spending, spending millions by the US, and depression among others (Taylor 78). McCarthyism is the political practice employed to create distrust and disloyalty about the communists without having any real tangible evidence leading to accusations (Taylor 127). People lost their jobs because of teaching about communism, education taught negatively about communism, freedom of speech of the communists was curtailed as well as producing movies portraying negatively about communism. Relationship between nations continued to chill. The cold war spread to other nations such as Berlin, Korea and Vietnam which were divided into two one controlled by US and the other by Russia leading to internal war and a nations destroying its own people a war initiated by the two super powers. The aftermath of the cold war was the destruction of Vietnam, separation of Korea and the war between the North and South as well as tearing of the Berlin

Response 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response 3 - Essay Example Bernice didn’t care that no one approved of her choice, or that it tore her family apart; she just wanted to achieve her goal of flying as a woman in the Air Force service. I also admired Jeff, though, because, as mentioned above, he had a lot of heroic qualities. Also, I used to be a painter, so I related to this aspect of the character, and also, I used to like to read adventure books and comics that had the same sort of subplot as Jeff’s. After the commencement of extermination of the Jews by the Nazis, there were many responses to Nazi persecution by the Jews in various forms both collective and individual. There were factors that encouraged both rebellion and the inhibition of rebellion and resistance. For example, in a Jewish ghetto, often resistance would be held back by community leaders because of the fear that any Jews caught gathering weapons or planning escape would bring down punishment on the whole community. This was not outlandish thinking, either, because this is exactly how the Nazis meted out justice for individuals: against the whole community. On the other hand, there were organized rebellions and resistance, bolstered by internal support as well as a reaction to external reasons. This is why I think it is important to focus on characters like Jeff, who were very active and heroic in resistance. One thing that may have hindered Jewish resistance during this time was that there was the problem that Jews who did fight back or escape often faced an ambivalent setting in other nations. After the early twentieth century, and arguably long before this as well, the climate in Europe was changing towards a status quo which was turbulent, to say the least, towards those of the Jewish faith: â€Å"at the end of World War I†¦ groups blamed the Jews for the social disruption, political instability, and economic crises that ensued† (Leventhal 2008) At this time, around 1934, the Nazis also began to persecute Jews. Laws were passed

Myostatin Boy Essay Example for Free

Myostatin Boy Essay Many scientists believe the find could eventually lead to drugs for treating eople with muscular dystrophy and other muscle-destroying conditions. And athletes would almost surely want to get their hands on such a drug and use it like steroids to bulk up. The boys mutant DNA segment was found to block production of a protein called myostatin that limits muscle growth. The news comes seven years after researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore created buff mighty mice by turning off the gene that directs cells to produce myostatin. Now we can say that myostatin acts the same way in humans as in animals, said the boys physician, Dr. Markus Schuelke, a professor in the child neurology department at Charite/ University Medical Center Berlin. We can apply that knowledge to humans, including trial therapies for muscular dystrophy. Given the huge potential market for such drugs, researchers at universities and pharmaceutical companies already are trying to find a way to limit the amount and activity of myostatin in the body. Wyeth has Just begun human tests of a genetically engineered antibody designed to neutralize myostatin. Dr. Lou Kunkel, director of the genomics program at Boston Childrens Hospital and professor of pediatrics and genetics at Harvard Medical School, said success is possible within several years. Just decreasing this protein by 20, 30, 50 percent can have a profound effect on muscle bulk, said Kunkel, who is among the doctors participating in the Wyeth research. Slow wasting process Muscular dystrophy is the worlds most common genetic disease. There is no cure and the most common form, Duchennes, usually kills before adulthood. The few treatments being tried to slow its progression have serious side effects. Muscle asting also is common in the elderly and patients with diseases such as cancer and AIDS. If you could find a way to block myostatin activity, you might slow the wasting process, said Dr. Se-Jin Lee, the Johns Hopkins professor whose team created the mighty mice. Lee said he believes a myostatin blocker also could suppress fat accumulation and thus thwart the development of diabetes. Lee and Johns Hopkins would receive royalties for any myostatin-blocking drug made by Wyeth. Dr. Eric Hoffman, director of Childrens National Medical Centers Research Center for Genetic Medicine, said he believes a muscular dystrophy cure will be found, but he is unsure whether it will be a myostatin-blocking drug, another treatment or a combination, because about a dozen genes have some effect on muscles. He said a mystotatin- blocking drug could help other groups of people, including astronauts and others who lose muscle mass during long stints in zero gravity or when immobilized by illness or a broken limb. Eventual health problems? Researchers would not disclose the German boys identity but said he was born to a nd three other close male relatives all were unusually strong, with one of them a construction worker able to unload heavy curbstones by hand. In the mother, one copy of the gene is mutated and the other is normal; the boy has two mutated copies. One almost definitely came from his father, but no information about him has been disclosed. The mutation is very rare in people. The boy is healthy now, but doctors worry he could eventually suffer heart or other health problems. In the past few years, scientists have seen great potential in myostatin-blocking strategies. Internet marketers have been hawking myostatin-blocking supplements to bodybuilders, though doctors say the products are useless and perhaps dangerous. Some researchers are trying to turn off the myostatin gene in chickens to produce more meat per bird. And several breeds of cattle have natural variations in the gene that, aided by selective breeding, give them far more muscle and less fat than other steer. He could do the iron cross when he was 5 months old, said his adoptive mother, Dana Hoekstra of Roosevelt Park. She was referring to a difficult gymnastics move in hich a male athlete suspends himself by his arms between two hanging rings, forming the shape of a cross. Liam has the kind of physical attributes that bodybuilders and other athletes dream about: 40 percent more muscle mass than normal, Jaw-dropping strength, breathtaking quickness, a speedy metabolism and almost no body fat. Liam can run like the wind, has the agility of a cat, lifts pieces of furniture that most children his age couldnt push across a slick floor and eats like there is no tomorrow without gaining weight. Liam Hoekstra was hanging upside down by his feet when he performed an inverted sit-up, his shirt falling away to expose rippled abdominal muscles. It was a display of raw power one might expect to see from an Olympic gymnast. Liam is 19 months old. The so-called myostatin blockade has generated tremendous interest in the bodybuilding community. Some nutritional supplements claim to block myostatin, but researchers have said the claims are not scientifically valid. If the myostatin protein is knocked out, muscles grow and rejuvenate much more uickly,

Vietnam :: Vietnam Culture Vietnamese Government Essays

Vietnam The Socialist Republic of Vietnam consists of the former Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the former Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The division of the country resulted from the defeat of the French by Communist-inspired nationalists in 1954. A prolonged civil war resulted in a victory for the Communist north, and reunification occurred in mid-1976. Physical Setting Vietnam has an area of 127,207 square miles (329,465 square kilometers) and is located in Southeast Asia. The country has a coastline of nearly 1,440 miles (2,317 kilometers), much of which fronts on the South China Sea. Border countries are China, Cambodia, and Laos. The latter two countries, along with Vietnam, constituted the former French Indochina. Northern Vietnam is quite mountainous, especially the extreme north and northwest. The Red River (Song Hong), which originates in China's Yunnan Province, is the principal river of the north and is about 725 miles (1,167 kilometers) in length. The major lowland area is a delta that has been created by deposits from the Red River as it enters the Gulf of Tonkin. The river passes through the capital city of Hanoi. For more than 2,000 years the Tonkin Lowland, considered the cradle of Vietnamese civilization, has been the scene of considerable water control efforts in the form of canals and dikes. The southernmost portion of the country is dominated by another lowland that is much more extensive than that in the north. This lowland has essentially been created by the Mekong River (Song Cuu Long) and its various tributaries. Just north of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) the landscape becomes more varied and rolling with forested hills. The central portion of Vietnam varies in width but is only 35 miles (56 kilometers) at its narrowest point. This region has only a narrow coastal strip in contrast to the rest of the coastline, where wider lowlands exist. The westernmost portion of the area is dominated by the Annamese, or Annamite, Cordillera, a major mountain chain, which forms the spine of the country from north to south. Along with the two major rivers, there are many shorter rivers that drain the highlands and flow eastward to the South China Sea. The country also has six island groups, 14 separate mountain ranges, and three large lakes. The climate of Vietnam is largely tropical, though the north may be distinguished as subtropical. Differences in humidity, rainfall, and temperature are caused largely by changes in elevation. The north has a hot and humid five- month-long wet season lasting from May through September. The remainder of the year is relatively warm and rainfree, but humid. A prolonged period of fog,

School Crime And Violence

Crime and violence in schools are issues that are of significant public concern, especially after the series of tragic school shootings recently. The schools have exercised care in making the students safe but many schools are now facing serious problems so that effective strategies can be devised to prevent school violence and increase school safety. (Small and Tetrick). The terms â€Å"school violence† and â€Å"school safety,† are still terms that need to be commonly defined. The authors maintain that â€Å"Multiple approaches can prove beneficial as each discipline brings to bear the full force of its knowledge and experience, but they complicate the task of summarizing the state of school violence. For instance, should school violence be considered a subset of youth violence? †(Small and Tetrick). Most of the violence in schools are involved in gangs. A gang is a group of people who form an allegiance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity. Gangs give members companionship, guidance, excitement and identity. When a member needs something, the others come to the rescue and provide protection. Gangs members have significantly lower levels of self-esteem compared to their non-gang peers. They also could name fewer adult role models than did their non-gang ,peers. It is no doubt that America has become a violent society. Television programs alone show gruesome murders and violence as if they are normal incidences in our lives. It is said that children learn to imitate the violence that they see on television. These take root in a lot of issues, foremost of which is on gun control. The positive effects of the strict enforcement of gun laws are readily seen. The Brady Campaign, for example believes that â€Å"background checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other prohibited purchasers from buying handguns from federally licensed firearm dealers. † Some say this is one big reason why there is a need to advocate gun control. Once people realize that there is a direct correlation between the increases in violence as correlated with gun possession, they would also be against gun violence in society. However, opinions are at odds with regards to the issue of gun control. Remarkably, both advocates and opponents of gun control policies in the United States use statistics to back up their stance. The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that: According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), in 2003, 449,150 victims of violent crimes stated that they faced an offender with a firearm. Incidents involving a firearm represented 7% of the 4. 9 million violent crimes of rape and sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault. The FBI's Crime in the United States estimated that 67% of the 16,503 murders in 2003 were committed with firearms. â€Å"Gun Control vs. Gun Rights). Advocates of gun control directly use statistics such as this to assert that the increase in violence is positively correlated with gun possession. Organizations such as the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and other proponents of gun rights oppose such view. Alexander, for one, insists that such arguments contradict factual studies. He contradicts the correlation, saying that â€Å"cities with the most restrictive gun laws, like Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta, Georgia, in fact, have the highest murder rates in the nation. At the center of the gun control issue is the Second Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. † Arguments usually focus on the interpretation of the law. The Second Amendment is the main banner of gun rights activists. Gun control advocates, on the other hand, feel that gun control opponents misinterpret the law when they assume that it means absolute right to ownership of guns by private individuals (Krouse). They assert that the Second Amendment only refers to gun ownership in situation of â€Å"militia† and not for general purposes. Gun control supporters feel that gun possession by just anybody is a contributing cause of increased incidence of crimes in the United States. In Guns and Terror, Berger and Henigan present studies to support their statement that â€Å"Gun shows are a breeding ground for gun sales to terrorist [and that] nothing in federal law prevents terrorists from quickly amassing arsenals of weapons† (4). Opponents to the gun control movement also believe that there is not enough factual evidence to the other side’s claim that banning the sale of some kinds of guns result to lower crime rates (â€Å"Gun Control vs. Gun Rights†). Alexander accuses gun control groups of ‘demagogue-ing’ the issue and maintains that the root of the problem is culture, and not the gun. He even notes that â€Å"many of the problems in question are the result of Leftist doctrines. † The Brady Campaign believes that stricter rules on gun ownership will result in communities with minimal crimes since they correlate guns with most crimes committed. Proponents of gun control also base this belief on what they see as positive effects of enforcement of gun laws. The Brady Campaign, for example believes that â€Å"background checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other prohibited purchasers from buying handguns from federally licensed firearm dealers. † Gun rights proponents maintain that stricter rules could actually cause crime rates to rise as criminals only tend to go places with stricter gun rules. Alexander quotes Thomas Sowell as saying, â€Å"Most criminals aren’t that stupid; they tend to go where the guns aren’t. †(Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence). Proponents of gun control continue to push for the passage of new laws and/or amendments to existing laws to restrict gun ownership. For one, they are lobbying for legislation covering what they refer to as loopholes, specifically in issues such as juvenile access to firearms, and sales at gun shows and through the Internet (Brady Campaign). Opponents are also continuing efforts to gather support to counter the move of gun control advocates. The NRA is drawing support through massive information drive advocating Second Amendment rights and the protection of Americans’ hunting heritage. The NRA also performs studies and surveys contradicting the position of gun control supporters. In their survey on what Americans think of Right-to-Carry laws, results show that 79% of the voters stood in favor of such laws (National Rifle Association of America). The Brady Campaign notes, â€Å"according to an analysis of the FBI Uniform Crime Report, the percentage of violent crimes committed with firearms has declined dramatically after the Brady Law went into effect. † Supporters of gun control assert the need for more restrictions in gun ownership, especially in the federal level. They call for stricter background checks for people who intend to purchase licensed firearms. Gun rights supporters do not see additional laws and amendments to laws as a solution to increase in crime rates. Alexander writes, â€Å"Gun restrictions have not protected citizens in Atlanta, Washington, D. C. , New York or Boston, much less anyone in Columbine or Red Lake. Nor did such laws protect Jews from Hitler or Stalin or Chinese peasants from Mao, etc. , ad infinitum. † Alexander also advises politicians and gun controllers alike to look at the cultural aspects of the problem and not the instruments. The National Rifle Association of America has opposed every effort by gun control advocates, specially the Brady Campaign group, which they think will encroach on their rights under the Second Amendment. They maintain that gun ownership is their constitutional right and should not be limited to recreational purposes only. The NRA, in fact, is supporting enactment of laws involving Self-Defense and â€Å"freedom† to carry guns (Alexander, Mark 2005). Indeed, the right of law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms for purpose of self-defense has become a hot and controversial topic and one that will continue to be so for a long time. Schools need to protect the children from these gun-toting individuals and avoid another Columbine or Virginia Tech incident.

Liszt’s Sonata in B Minor

The Piano Sonata in B minor (German: Klaviersonate h-Moll), S. 178, is a musical composition for solo piano by Franz Liszt, published in 1854 with a dedication to Robert Schumann. It is often considered Liszt's greatest composition for solo piano. The piece has been oft analyzed, particularly regarding issues of form. The sonata is notable for being constructed from five motivic elements that are woven into an enormous musical architecture. The motivic units undergo thematic transformation throughout the work to suit the musical context of the moment. A theme that in one context sounds menacing and even violent, is then transformed into a beautiful melody. This technique helps to bind the sonata's sprawling structure into a single cohesive unit. Michael Saffle, Alan Walker, and others contend that the first motive appears at the very start of the piece until bar 8, the second occurs from bar 9 until 12 and the third from measures 13 to 17. The fourth and fifth motives appear later in the piece at measures 105-108 and 327-338 respectively. Broadly speaking, the Sonata has four movements although there is no gap between them. Superimposed upon the four movements is a large sonata form structure, although the precise beginnings and endings of the traditional development and recapitulation sections has long been a topic of debate. Charles Rosen states in his book The Classical Style that the entire piece fits the mold of a sonata form because of the reprise of material from the first movement that had been in D major, the relative major, now reprised in B minor. Alan Walker, the forefront contemporary Liszt scholar, believes that the development begins roughly with the slow section at measure 331, the leadback towards the recapitulation begins at the scherzo fugue, measure 459, and the recapitulation and coda are at measures 533 and 682 respectively. Each of these sections (exposition, development, leadback, and recapitulation) are examples of Classical forms in and of themselves, which means that this piece is one of the earliest examples of Double-function form, a piece of music which has two classical forms occurring simultaneously, one containing others. For instance the exposition is a sonata form which starts and ends with material in B minor, containing the second part of the exposition and development wandering away from the tonic key, largely through the relative major D. In using this structure, Liszt as influenced by Franz Schubert's Wanderer Fantasy, a work he greatly admired, performed often and arranged for piano and orchestra. Schubert used the same limited number of musical elements to create a broad four movement work, and used a fugal 4th movement. Already in 1851 Liszt experimented with a nonprogrammatic â€Å"four-movements-in-one† form in an extended work for piano solo called Grosses Concert-Solo. Thi s piece, which in 1865 was published as a two-piano version under the title Concerto pathetique, shows a thematic relationship to both the Sonata and the later Faust Symphony.

The Wasp Factory and Saved Essays

The Wasp Factory and Saved Essays The Wasp Factory and Saved Essay The Wasp Factory and Saved Essay Essay Topic: Literature Saved was written by Edward Bond in the late 1960s. The Wasp Factory was written by Iain Banks in 1984. Although the two texts were written over twenty years apart, isolation is still an integral part of both texts. Through phonetic representation we can see that Saved is set in South London, and The Wasp Factory is set in a remote part of Scotland; the two are culturally polar through location. Although the two texts have their differences, all of the main characters are isolated from society and its normalities. This isolation has a profound effect on the characters. It can be seen that in both Saved and The Wasp Factory that the protagonists do not exist in societys eyes. In The Wasp Factory Frank, the main character, hides from Diggs, who is the representation of society in the book, in case of Diggs did any asking around and discovered I didnt exist officially. (page 72) Franks non-existance makes his life hopeless, because he can never have aspirations outside of the island. In Saved, all of the characters are non-existant in societys eyes; they are isolated by society. Society only associates with the characters when crimes are committed, as seen in both texts, and then we see societal punishment. That inspector wants you. (page 75) In both Saved and The Wasp Factory it can be seen that even though the protagonists are isolated from society, friendships are still formed between characters. In The Wasp Factory Frank, even though isolated through to his disability, still forges a friendship with Jamie, a dwarf. Frank is unable to form relationships with people who are seen as normal, be that able bodied, or mentally sound; so perhaps the only reason Frank is friends with Jamie is because he is disabled, just like Frank. Jamie is my only real friend (page 51) In Saved, even though Len and Fred have a group of friends, they are isolated because they cannot rely on their friends when things go wrong. We see this before Fred goes to prison, when he asks Pam to write to him whilst he is imprisoned, as he cannot rely on his friends. Yerll ave to send us letters. (page 74) In both texts the characters are isolated through lack of hope. In The Wasp Factory, Frank is afraid to leave the island because when Eric, his brother did, he went insane. the destruction of most of who he was. (page 136) In Saved, the characters are isolated because of their lack of hope to become something, they have no aspirations. Len well start lookin for a place tmorra. Pam No places round ere. (page 23) In both texts isolation and hopelessness are shown through family members, and their lack of interaction. In The Wasp Factory Franks father, Angus, hardly ever interacts with Frank. My father grew as uncommunicative as Eric (page 143) Therefore, Frank is isolated because he cannot talk to his father, he is forced to be independent and solve his own problems. In Saved, Harry does not interact with his wife, nor daughter. He isolates himself from his family. As Pam has been brought up with this, she believes this to be normal. If she sees these marital interactions to be normal, then she has no hope of forming normal sexual relationships. Supposed you turned out like that? (page 24) In The Wasp Factory Frank thinks that he is protected by the island on which he lives. On the island he can do as he pleases, as there is no-one responsible to stop him, as nobody knows he exists. This is the opposite of Saved, because when the group of men kill the baby, Fred gets caught. He does not take responsibility for the murder though, Why couldnt I bin tryin a elp the kid? I got no cause t arm it. (page 74) This statement from Fred is true, the baby hadnt harmed the group, but they killed it nonetheless. This epitomises the mentality of the characters in Saved; killing a totally innocent child, simply because the child was vulnerable. In Saved the lack of education is the predominant cause of isolation. All of the characters are poorly educated, and as a result have poorly paid jobs, few ambitions and no hope. However, in The Wasp factory Frank is relatively well educated, thanks to his fathers teaching. Even though Frank has an education, he has no hope, because of other limitations in his life that keep him isolated. My father is an educated man, and he passed a lot of what he knew on to me. (page 14) In Saved, Bond enforces isolation by not giving the baby an identity; throughout the play the audience never sees the baby, merely hears its cries. Why dont yer shut that kid up. (page 37) The characters in the play ignore the baby too, they do not name it, and do not respond to its cries. This technique from the author has two profound effects on the audience; if the baby has no identity, then the audience cannot relate to it. Secondly, the lack of response to a crying child makes a deeper impact on the audience, it is more shocking; this is because our societal normalities make us want to try and protect the crying baby, and the characters in the play are doing the complete opposite. Len I listen out for the kid. They ain bothered (page 42) In The Wasp Factory, Banks enforces isolation through the fact that Frank, the protagonist, has no identity. He is known to a few people; these few people that are aware he exists, he is either related to, or are disabled, or they are people that have been lied to, and believe Franks cover story. In both texts, the victims are utterly innocent. We can interpret this as the authors using the victims to represent hope in the texts. Therefore, when the protagonists kill the children, they are killing symbols of hope; this shows how hopeless their situations are. When Frank kills his little brother, Paul, we see Frank killing a symbol of innocence. Banks has described Paul so he is the epitome of innocence. Banks describes Paul as having, a podgy hand. This physical description shows how young, and undefined, the child is. When Paul says, B is for bell, we see a total emphasis on Pauls innocence. The way Banks builds up an image of innocence, and pity, for Paul, makes the murder that Frank commits all the more tragic. I found an opportunity to get rid of Paul. (page 67) Arguably, both texts have a deeper, political, meaning. In Saved we can argue that Bond is writing to protests against the Vietnam conflict, and the injustices that were taking place. We see this as the baby representing the innocent victims; no one cares for the baby, as no one cares for the victims of the conflict. Len witnesses the brutal murder of the baby, but doesnt intervene; as the audience wouldve seen the Vietnam War taking place, and didnt intervene. Arguably it can be seen that in The Wasp Factory Banks is making a political statement. Margaret Thatcher was in power when Banks wrote The Wasp Factory Thatcher famously said, that there is no such thing as society. Frank is the epitome of how people could turn out without societys presence; if someone is isolated from society as Frank was then it can be seen that in both texts, the writers have portrayed society to be an inactive institution. Society is shown as not interacting with the protagonist, unless it is forced to because society is endangered by the characters; this is society ignoring a responsibility it should have. In Saved, society only interacts with the characters when they kill an innocent baby, we then see societys wrath. Though the protagonists do not see society as a threat, Pam remarks that Fred has only been in trouble once or twice before. Yer never bin in trouble before. Juss one or two woundins (page 74) This comment shows that the characters in Saved live in a society that doesnt see the law, a symbol of societal punishment, as something to be concerned with. This is because the characters are outside of society, and they know it. This comment, made by Pam, reflects the type of environment in which she lives; one that doesnt see criminal convictions, nor violence, as a major incident, the totally opposite view that is taken in society. In The Wasp Factory society only interacts with Eric because Eric poses a threat. If Eric was like Frank, and did not pose a known danger to society, then society wouldnt react to his mental distress. This contrasts with Saved. In Saved Pam suffers severe post natal depression after the birth of the baby. Pams depression does not threaten society, so she is not helped. She also receives no support from her mother. Her situation is hopeless. This dump gives me the ump (page 45) In The Wasp Factory Frank narrates to the audience, it makes what we read unreliable, but we do see how Frank interprets things. Frank uses humour when talking of death. ..he drowned, his little legs waggling pathetically as he gulped and squirmed (page 29) This use of humour enforces Franks isolation, because we can see that he has never been in a society that treats death with seriousness. This first person perspective of the deaths has an affect on the audience, because it essentially filters all of the morbidity from the deaths, and leaves Franks humorous view. Whereas in Saved, when the characters talk jokingly of death, the audience simply sees this as wrong, because it emphasises the lack of feeling and emotion of the characters. Colin What a giggle, though Mike Accidents is legal. (page 28) In both texts the wife injures her husband in some way. The fighting, and subsequent injury, can be said to be due to the fact that the couple do not communicate with each other; possibly because they are isolated within their marriage. In Saved, Harry is injured by Mary when the two fight. In The Wasp Factory, Angus is injured by his wife, when she runs him over and breaks his leg. she ran him over and broke his leg quite badly (page 107) This lack of a strong female figure whilst growing up affects the protagonists quite profoundly. In The Wasp Factory, it leaves Frank with a deeply misogynistic view on all women, and in Saved, it leaves Pam with an abnormal view of how a normal family should interact with each other. In both texts the authors have written characters that can be seen to symbolise hope in their respective texts. In The Wasp Factory it can be argued that Frank actually metamorphasises into a symbol of hope. This is towards the end of the text, when Frank has a revelation, and discovers he is actually a woman, and that predestination, a part of his male life, is actually false. Now the door closes, and my journey begins. (page 184) This poignant quote from Frank relates to his past belief in predestination, when he believed that his Wasp Factory showed him things that would happen. The quote shows that Frank now knows that his journey in life is about to begin. It can be also be argued, that Len is the symbol of hope in Saved. Towards the end of the play, Len has integrated with the rest of the family, and is living with them. The coexistence is not one that is filled with happiness, but this is a major step for Lens character, as he has found acceptance. The themes of isolation and hopelessness have been highlighted in this essay, and the link between isolation as a cause of hopelessness has been developed. There is so much hopelessness amongst the characters in both of the texts, but, hope can be seen symbolically in both of the texts, in the form of Len and Frank. We can interpret these symbols of hope in a book teeming with hopelessness, as the authors trying to convey a message to the audience. Arguably, this message from the authors could be the fact that they are trying to say that things are changeable; as long as people try to change their situation and as long as society takes responsibility for the vulnerable.

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth Our earths first modern tree establishing itself in developing forests emerged around 370 million years ago. Ancient plants made it out of water 130 million years earlier but none were considered true trees. True tree growth only came about when plants overcame biomechanical problems to support additional weight. The architecture of the modern tree is defined by evolutionary features of strength that builds in rings to support greater and greater height and weight, of protective bark that shields the cells that conduct water and nutrients from the earth to the furthest leaves, of supportive collars of extra wood that surround the bases of each branch, and of internal layers of wood dovetail at branch junctions to prevent breakage. It took over a hundred million years for this to happen. Archaeopteris, an extinct tree that made up most of the forests across the earths surface in the late Devonian period, is considered by scientists to be the first modern tree. New collected pieces of fossils of the trees wood from Morocco have filled in parts of the puzzle to shed new light. Discovery of Archaeopteris Stephen Scheckler, a professor of biology and geological sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud, of the Institut de lEvolution of Montpellier, France, and Jobst Wendt, of the Geological and Paleontological Institute in Germany, analyzed a trove of these African fossils. They now propose Archaeopteris to be the earliest known modern tree, with buds, reinforced branch joints, and branched trunks similar to todays modern tree. When it appeared, it very quickly became the dominant tree all over the Earth, says Scheckler. On all of the land areas that were habitable, they had this tree. Scheckler goes on to point out, The attachment of branches was the same as modern trees, with swelling at the branch base to form a strengthening collar and with internal layers of wood dovetailed to resist breaking. We had always thought this was modern, but it turns out that the first woody trees on earth had the same design. While other trees quickly met extinction, Archaeopteris made up 90 percent of the forests and stayed around a very long time. With trunks up to three feet wide, the trees grew perhaps 60 to 90 feet tall. Unlike present-day trees, Archaeopteris reproduced by shedding spores instead of seeds. Development of the Modern Ecosystem Archaeopteris stretched out its branches and canopy of leaves to nourish life in the streams. The decaying trunks and leaves and the altered carbon dioxide/oxygen atmosphere abruptly changed ecosystems all over the earth. Its litter fed the streams and was a major factor in the evolution of freshwater fishes, whose numbers and varieties exploded in that time, and influenced the evolution of other marine ecosystems, says Scheckler. It was the first plant to produce an extensive root system, so had a profound impact on soil chemistry. And once these ecosystem changes happened, they were changed for all time.   Archaeopteris made the world almost a modern world in terms of ecosystems that surround us now, Scheckler concludes.

Hazardous waste Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hazardous waste - Assignment Example The United States Environmental Protection Agency is the governmental organization acting with a purpose to ensure: that all Americans are protected from significant risks to their health and environment where they work, live, or learn and that the federal laws protecting the environment and human health are effectively and fairly enforced (EPA, n.d.). The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of US-EPA’s definition of the hazardous waste, the types of hazardous wastes and solid waste. As well the paper is aiming to analyze critically whether there are any discrepancies in the regulations and what effects on human health and environment have hazardous wastes. US Environmental Protection Agency defines hazardous waste as a waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment (EPA, n.d., n.p.). To this category of wastes can be included sludges, liquids, gases, and solids. There are two ways of identifying solid wastes as hazardous based on the EPA’s regulations. The first way is to check whether it is included on a EPA’s list of wastes, and the second way is to identify whether the waste exhibits certain hazardous characteristics (EPA, n.d.). EPA has formed a list of hazardous wastes which is comprised of four different classifications: the F-list, K-list, P-list, and U-list. The F-list of hazardous waste includes the wastes identified as â€Å"non-specific source wastes† – wastes from common industrial and manufacturing activities. These hazardous wastes can be produced in different sectors of industry or manufacturing processes and that is why their sources are not specified under the F-list category (EPA 2008, 5). On the contrary to the F-list, the K-list of hazardous waste include particular solid wastes coming from specific industries (EPA 2008). The P-list as well as the U-list includes the wastes from commercial chemical products. Commercial chemical products have the generic

Alexander the Great--Vision beyond Conquests Essay

Alexander the Great--Vision beyond Conquests - Essay Example During the years of his fearless and ferocious life span, Alexander conquered almost a quarter of the earth’s total land surface area in a very young age. The world knows him only to be the war heroic icon; however, the actions and initiatives he had undertaken for the battles and the strategies he had framed for them reflect the political structure of the then western countries and the subsequent changes in the trends of administrative as well as cultural aspects in the past. This essay will focus on the merits and influence of the Great Alexander’s imperial majesty through an evaluation of events and incidents and their positive effects on the world history of politics and culture consisting of ancient European and West Asian provinces centered by the Roman regime. A comprehensive study of his warfare tactics and military surveillance strategy hopefully gives the best effect of the required material literature. The Making of a Conqueror Alexander, who was born to King Philip II of Macedonia and Princess Olympia in 356BC, was much luckier than a normal prince to see his father’s consecutive victories and continuous strive for administrative excellence. An otherwise wise Alexander was a genius in all the fields he had been trained by Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher. In his early teenage itself, he became a scholar of science, medicine, literature and philosophy, which later helped him in turning to a complete military think-tank. The incredible achievement streak of Alexander’s imperial life had a rather fantastic inception with his successful undertaking of his father’s army against the rebels of Thrace through a swift and successful power demonstration. Alexander’s thirst for supremacy over the entire European provinces then led him through conquering Greece and Illyria before he set his aim on Asia Minor. All through the battles fought against the powers across the southern belt of Asia Minor, Alexander had to face the resistance of the Greek army and entered the invincible Gordium. It is said that, â€Å"Alexander knew the legend that the man who could untie the ancient knot was destined to rule the entire world† (Alexander of Macedonia). Based on this fundamental approach, Alexander captured the power of Persia and began the expedition to the Asian mainland with an invasion through the Issus pass in northwestern Syria. The major credits from his philosophical abilities and the definite levels of leadership skills helped him unite and raise the morale of soldiers of the armies of all the countries he conquered. Marching towards the Persian Empire was not easy for him as expected with Darius’ mammoth number of soldiers blocking his way, but at the end of the Battle of Issus, success turned the Macedonian way. From then, the path became easy for him to Syria and Phoenicia except for a considerable amount of resistance from the city of Tyre, which he eventually defeated and c ontinued the expedition towards Egypt. The Spiritual Line The entry to Egypt was in fact the most specific period of Alexander’s time, as he had a spiritual route to the Egyptian culture. The passionate natives even believed him to be the divine ruler descended as their God’s own son. According to certain findings, â€Å"Alexander no doubt won great popularity with the Egyptians by conducting proper,

Midterm Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm - Research Paper Example In this latter particular then, I seem to have slightly the advantage of him.’ Socrates’ argument is therefore that knowledge is not about believing that one knows something, but instead about knowing that one, in fact, cannot know. Socrates is driven to those said to be wise, because he wants to consider the word of God. On this quest, Socrates finds that ‘I found that the men most in repute were all but the most foolish; and that others less esteemed were really wiser and better.’ Socrates will then go on to explain this apparent paradox. His argument is based around the idea that believing one has knowledge cheats one out of actually having knowledge. The only true posit of knowledge, in Socrates’ argument is God himself. So, following Socrates’ argument, God himself knows that his wisdom means nothing, which is precisely what makes him so wise. Socrates returns to the argument over knowledge later in the Apology at which point he discusses fear of death. He argues that this, rather than making a man wiser, fearing death shows a pretence of wisdom, because death is unknown and an unknown thing cannot be known and therefore feared. Man does not know if death is a terrible thing or not and it is therefore illogical to fear it. Following on from this logic, Socrates cannot know if his beliefs are true, because wisdom dictates that no knowledge is regarded as certain. Socrates’ discussion of knowledge in the Apology is an interesting one, since it centres on the idea that nothing can be truly known. It subverts the common view that a lot of knowledge is synonymous with wisdom and replaces it with the idea that wisdom is the having the openness of mind to understand that any amount of knowledge is never a lot. In the Republic, Plato reports Socrates’ notions on ethics, connected with idea of justice. These ideas are related to the debate over epistemology in the Apology since they rely

An evaluation of crime statistics

An evaluation of crime statistics Crime Statistics Evaluated. Crime statistics ought to be evaluated in light of a number of factors that can mislead social constructions of offending. Conclusions drawn from individual data sets are to be evaluated against the dark figure of crime and commonly held myths. Statistical data are mostly gathered and interpreted to suit political and corporate agendas (Chambliss, 2001; Croall, 1998; Rampton Stauber, 2001; Slapper Tombs, 1999). The criminalization/decriminalization of specific activities/behaviours, for instance, can considerably transform crime trends (Croall, 1998). Male homosexuality, for instance, wasnt decriminalized in Britain until the 1960s (Croall, 1998; Downes Morgan, 1997). Other issues stem from how the data is collected. Surveys conducted by household, for instance, dont include the victimization of homeless people (Kershaw et al., 2000). Furthermore, crimes in which offenders and victims are consenting parties (for example drug dealing) are largely unreported (Kershaw et al., 2000; M aguire, 1997). A lot has been done to refine the collection of crime data. The introduction of victims surveys in the British Crime Survey, for instance, has improved the quality of data collection on crimes that are not recorded by the police (Kershaw et al., 2000; Zedner, 1997). Nevertheless, the reliability of statistics on offending remains questionable. Public myths over the crime problem, combined with corporate interests, drive political activities, which in turn work to mould public perceptions. These are perpetuated by the media who tend to sensationalize street crime, for instance, in order to attract the readership (Chambliss, 2001; Reiner, 1997; Slapper Tombs, 1999). The proceeding lines will provide an account of current statistics and trends, following this line of reasoning. Looking at the shape of crime as it appears from the 2004 BCS summary of trends, it appears that rates of offending have consistently dropped in the past decade (Dodd et al., 2004). More in detail, since 1995 violent crimes have decreased by 36%. Acts of vandalism have decreased by 27%. Vehicle theft, theft from the person, other types of theft and burglary rates appear to have declined, respectively, by 51%, 9%, 36% and 47% (Dodd et al., 2004). Though the validity of these figures, to an extent, cannot be totally dismissed, particularly in sight of their statistical significance, they should be further investigated. Many of these crimes, including vandalism and theft, for instance, are assessed by household (Dodd et al., 2004). Therefore theft offences from homeless people may not appear in these figures. Crimes of violence, on the other hand, are statistically assessed against the overall number of adults in England and Wales (Dodd et al., 2004). In this case, illegal immigrants who do not appear in official registers are not included. The table published by the Home Office also contains a definitional bias. As it was acknowledged by the authors themselves: The BCS common assault definition includes minor injuries. From 2002/03 the recorded crime definition does not include minor injuries  (Dodd et al., 2004). This means that figures related to common assault included a larger variety of violent episodes in the years prior to 2002. This can account for the 43% drop in common assault since 1995 (Dodd et al., 2004).The monitoring of other types of offending, such as cybercrime, has been introduced by external agencies (Power, 2000), though the Home Office themselves have addressed the problem in current publications (Morris, 2004). Cybercrime refers to a variety of offensive activities, to include theft of proprietary information [ ¦], financial fraud [ ¦] [and the] creation and distribution of computer viruses  (Power, 2000: 4). According to the Computer Emergency Response Team (2000), there was a considerable increase in the reporting of internet alerts between 1988 and 1999. It should be noted that this could be largely due to the limited access and technological tools available in the 1980s, compared to the 1990s. Internet alerts, however, fell by the year 2000 (Power, 2000), maybe due to more advanced preventative measures. Financial fraud can currently be denounced as a type of cybercrime, in that it often employs a network of internet transactions, involving large amounts of money and large scale victimization, internationally and over long periods of time (Levi, 1987; Rampton Stauber, 2001; Slapper Tombs, 1999). Corporate and internet offending tend to be largely undetected due to their complex nature (Levi, 1987; Rampton Stauber, 2001; Slapper Tombs, 1999). Because of this, corresponding data tends to be scattered between a variety of agencies (Power, 2000; Slapper Tombs, 1999). A strategic and more advanced model, therefore, should be developed to effectively address the emerging new trends of offending. References Chambliss, W. J. (2001) Power, politics and crime, Oxford, Westview Press.Croall, H. (1998) Crime and society in Britain, London, Longman.Dodd, T., Nicholas, S., Povey, D. Walker, A. (2004) Crime in England and Wales 2003/2004, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/hosb1004.pdf Downes, D. Morgan, R. (1997) Dumping the Hostages to Fortune? The politics of Law and Order in Post-War Britain, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Kershaw, C., Budd, T., Kinshott, G., Mattinson, J., Mayhew, P. Myhill, A. (2000) Home Office Statistical Bulletin: the 2000 British Crime Survey, London, Home Office.Levi, M. (1987) Regulating Fraud, London, Tavistock.Maguire, M. (1997) Crime statistics, patterns, and trends: changing perceptions, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Morris, S. (2004) The future of netcrime now: Part 2 -respon ses, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/rdsolr6304.pdfPower, R. (2000) Tangled Web: tales of digital crime from the shadows of cyberspace, Indianapolis, Que.Rampton, S. Stauber, J. (2001) Trust us, were experts, New York, Penguin/Putnam.Reiner, R. (1997) Media made criminality: the representation of crime in the mass media, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Slapper, G. Tombs, S. (1999) Corporate Crime, London, Longman.Zedner, L. (1997) Victims, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

W.E.B. Dubois: His Vision For Freedom Essay -- Racial Relations, Afric

African Americans during the 1900s lived lives full of uncertainty. They were no longer slaves, but still looked upon by many as inferior to the white race. However in this period of tension, there were men who sought to bring their race to new heights. One of these men was W.E.B Du Bois. Few have influenced the lives of African Americans in such a way as W.E.B Du Bois. The vision he had for African Americans was one that many found great hope in. He sought for the day that his race for finally have civil equality in every aspect of life. In the time of Du Bois, African Americans may have been considered free but still lacked many civil liberties, that the whites were easily granted. One of the biggest civil liberties they lacked was voting rights. To Du Bois voting for African Americans was one of his greatest hopes, he believed that â€Å"with the right to vote goes everything† (NMS 1). If African Americans could gain this right, the doors to other civil equalities would then open. However this was not such an easy tasks, there were so many â€Å"flagrant...political scandals that reputable men began to leave politics alone† (Son of Masters 5). The African American men and women had been so put down by the whites, that voting to them became too much of a hassle. Even though views toward voting seemed hopeless and a great hassle, Du Bois spoke out the with the biggest question of them all â€Å"It is possible, and probable, the nine million of men can make effective progress in economic lines if the y are deprived of political rights† (Du Bois 5)? How could African Americans build their lives, if they had no say in any of it? It was clear to Du Bois that voting was essential, without it his people would not be able to live equally among th... ...he separation and how these ugly vision that the races had of each other, made Du Bois realize that if African Americans could again regain the direct contact they once had with whites they may also begin to see the good in each other, and with this would come the general civil right they so desperately needed. They would be able, to choose who â€Å"to walk, to talk and be with (.NMS 2), where they wanted to watch a show, even how they got to that show. The general freedoms of everyday life is what Du Bois wished to see. African Americans in the 1900s may have not reached complete freedom just yet, but thanks to the men like Du Bois who took a stand, all hope was not lost. Du Bois brought a vision that with small victories in voting, education, and overall daily freedoms, the African American people would finally be seen as equal to their white brothers and sisters.

The Presidio San Elizario

The Presidio of San Elizario In 1598, the Spanish nobleman, Don Juan De Onate from Zacatecas, Mexico was leading a group of Spanish colonists from Mexico to settle the newly discovered province of New Mexico. The group traveled for weeks across the desert until it reached the banks of the Rio Grande River near the San Elizario area. Soon afterward, Onate proclaimed possession of this area in the name of his King, Phillip II. The small town of San Elizario is named after the French Saint Elcear, the French patron saint of the military.It is one of the oldest communities in the El Paso Area. The community was established during the late 1700’s. A presidio was built in the area in order to protect the Spanish settlers from the attacking Apache and Comanche Indian raiders. The exact date of when the presidio of San Elizario was first built remains a debate between many local historians. One well known area historian, Metz, writes, â€Å"The original presidio was built around 1773 and that the original chapel was built of mostly adobe and some wood, and took approximately 40 years to construct. Most of the work was done by prisoners, some of them Indian, mostly Apache. (254). As noted by an online source, the presidio itself was surrounded by a double wall of adobe measuring 13 feet tall by seven feet wide. Inside were barracks for soldiers and special officer quarters. Also within the fort were family residences, corrals, store rooms, and a small chapel. This small chapel was built in a box pattern reflecting the early â€Å"European colonialism. † (San Elizario). The chapel has gone through major changes throughout its history, yet still remains close to its original location to this day.As historian John O. West notes, the San Elizario Presidio is often mistaken as a mission. However, the presidio of San Elizario was not created to convert the local natives to Christianity, but in fact was created as a fort or presidio to protect the Camino Real an d other area settlements from Apache and Comanche Indian raiders. (19). An online source also notes that the presidio was involved in numerous military engagements and natural disasters which forced its movement many times throughout it’s early history. (Reyes).According to another historian, Douglas Kent Hall, â€Å"The presidio was moved 37 miles up the Rio Grande in 1780 to its current site. † (131). According to another internet source, â€Å"During the early 1830’s the unpredictable Rio Grande River changed course, virtually isolating San Elizario and its surrounding communities as an island in the middle of the Rio Grande. † (San Elizario). After the US-Mexico War of 1846-1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, establishing the Rio Grande River as the boundary between Texas and Mexico.This left San Elizario to become part of what is now the state of Texas. San Elizario is steeped in both Texas, and Hispanic history. Still remaining today, the San Elizario presidio and chapel has moved many times and gone through many changes since its original construction. One online source notes, in 1829, the Rio Grande flooded completely destroying the â€Å"Chapel at San Elizario. † (San Elizario). A different Website points out that the chapel that stands in the same location today was rebuilt in 1882. (Kohut). Another online source notes, the exterior has changed little from its original construction.The main difference was in the change of the front â€Å"facade,† as this added to the, â€Å"early European colonial,† influence on the contemporary construction of the time. A fire destroyed much of the interior of the chapel in 1935. The inside has undergone dramatic changes since then, again reflecting the influence of â€Å"European architectural style. † With â€Å"pressed-tin† covering the original ceiling covers and beams. Several additions have also been made to the exterior of the chapel . For instance, an orchard has been added to the east side of the chapel and the surrounding plaza.More adobe structures have also been added to the surrounding area in order to add to the formality of the area. The formal rectangular patterned streets and building orientation â€Å"reflects the elements of early Spanish colonialism. † In 1944 the chapel was repainted in order to honor the local soldiers who fought overseas in World War II. (San Elizario). A local college student writes in the Borderlands Website that a â€Å"major restoration of the chapel† began in 1993, however much work still needs to be done to the exterior walls of the structure.The Mission Trail Association, which was formed in 1986, has done much work to uphold the heritage of the chapel at San Elizario and other local Missions. Through their hard work, the Socorro and Ysleta missions, along with the San Elizario chapel have retained their beauty and strength through hundreds of years of faith and devotion. (Reyes). With the help of the Mission Trail Association and donations from tourists and local interest in its preservation, the San Elizario chapel can be a monument for many more generations to enjoy. Works Cited Hall, Douglas Kent.Frontier Spirit: Early Churches of the Southwest. New York: Abbeville Press, 1990. Print. Metz, Leon C. El Paso: Guided Through Time. El Paso, Texas: Mangan Books, 1999. Print. West, John O. â€Å"Presidio Chapel San Elceario: San Elizario, Texas, USA. † The Mission Trail: El Paso/Juarez. Ed. Laura Jusso. El Paso, Texas: Sundance Press, 1996. Print. Reyes, Blanca et al. â€Å"Area Missions are Part of Living History. † Borderlands. Web. 22 Jan 2009. â€Å"San Elizario Walking Tour. † El Paso County History. Web. 18 Dec 2009. Kohout, Martin D. â€Å"San Elizario Presidio. † Handbook of Texas Online. Web. 23 Apr 2009.

Cultural baggage and Cultural tourism by Dr Jim Butcher, an evaluation Essay

Dr Jim Butcher, the author of the article above, has researched on its various facets of tourism such as its moralization, innovations, and cultural, ethical, ecological and anthropological aspects and also as a tool for sustainable development. He has several publications to his credit (www. canterbury. ac. uk). The article under review authored by Dr Butcher appears as a book chapter in the Book â€Å"Innovations in Cultural Tourism†(2001) edited by him. Key issues of the article are the positive and potential aspects of cultural tourism which some critiques discount it as antidevelopment and prone to cause conflicts between the host and the tourist. The author is of the view that cultural tourism has its roots to the man’s craving for alien cultures and the need for relief from monotony of modernity and as such it has naturally come as a blessing to the economically backward regions. He has found three aspects of culture as a function, as a past and as a difference overshadowing the goodness of cultural tourism. The main aim of the author is to dispel the negative impression created by these aspects in the minds of the critics. The book chapter under evaluation is not in layman’s language. Even a discernible student of tourism would find it difficult to distinguish between cultural baggage and cultural tourism or relationship between the two terms. Whatever Dr Butcher says about cultural tourism has been in one aspect or another touched upon by his peers. That the cultural tourism has come of age and is capable of benefiting the economically weaker nations or places within nations and that it promotes cultural exchanges, fusion of culture, that it simply promotes or creates awareness of host’s culture and that it has been gradually making countries sans boundaries with only natural barriers by creating a feeling of oneness, have all been also discussed by other authors on the subject if one happens to visit the website of the UNESCO on cultural tourism. (unesco. org) and many others. His unique findings are that the ‘over functional culture’, its ‘past’ character and its â€Å" difference† outlook overshadow the real creative character of cultural tourism. He has taken pains to explain all the three in almost four pages out of hardly six, which is an indicator of his serious concern towards Cultural Tourism. His conclusion that cultural tourism results in economic development is indeed true. Man is basically gregarious and therefore cultural tourism with its benefits is unstoppable. The cultural tourists and the hosts are the actors and we are the audience. It means differently to each one of them. If the actors are allowed to have their own way, the inevitable result will be what the author Dr Jim concludes with, that is development. There is no doubt cultural tourism is growing segment of the travel market â€Å"Mass marketing is giving way to one-to-one marketing with travel being tailored to the interests of the individual consumer. A growing number of visitors are becoming special interest travellers who rank the arts, heritage and/or other cultural activities as one of the top five reasons for travelling†(nasaa-arts. org). It has been said that mass tourism has had its detrimental effects but there are advocates for mass tourism for its own benefits. Certain undesirable conflicts of cultures are just harmless side effects and are not to be taken seriously for the sake of larger benefits cultural tourism. On the whole Dr Jim’s contribution in this chapter leaves the reader more informed and makes him act responsibly as an audience whether as a policy maker or whoever, in order to preserve and promote the goodness of cultural tourism markedly different from mass tourism. REFERENCES Butcher, J. (ed) (2001), Innovations in Cultural Tourism, ATLAS, Tilburg http://www. canterbury. ac. uk/business-sciences/sport-science-tourism-and-leisure/staff/dr-jim-butcher. asp accessed on July 12, 2006 http://www. nasaa-arts. org accessed on July 13, 2006 http://portal. unesco. org/culture/en/ev. php-accessed on July 13, 2006

Health Hazard of Noise Pollution

Health Hazard of Noise Pollution Introduction Noise can be defined as a sound that is not agreeable with musical quality. Noise can also be described as an unwanted sound. Most of the noise is generated from almost all opencast and underground mining operations and from various fixed mobile and impulse sources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Hazard of Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Noise pollution can be attributed to the increase of mechanization that results into the increase in the use of voluminous and complicated machinery and equipment. Other major sources of noise are produced from transportation. Other good examples of noise include motor vehicles, airplanes, and trains, among others. Noise is rapidly becoming an increasing source of discomfort in mines, factories and other industries that produce excessive noise (Agarwal 2009). Prolonged exposure of workers in noisy environments (90 dBA) is harmful. This is because it can result into noise induced hearing loss and other effects that are not auditory but are related, in one way or another, to the hearing system. For instance speech system can be interfered with when one is exposed to excessive noise. The other effects of noise are that it can affect a person’s sleep and reduce working efficiency. The high intensity of noise is what causes detrimental effects to a person. In addition, the frequency of sound, duration of exposure, intermittence or continuation of sound, the age of a person and their health can affect the acuteness of the effects of noise pollution. It is essential to undertake noise surveys through environmental impact assessment. This will help in identifying the sources of noise. It will also help to quantify the exposure risk of workers (Tripathy Not Dated). Sound is a form of energy that gives an auditory sensational hearing. Sound is transmitted by oscillation of atoms and molecules in matter. The intensity of sound depends upon the amplitude of the waves. Thus, higher than normal amplitudes are the ones responsible for noise pollution.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is tricky to determine the level of noise that can be considered as causing noise pollution. However, sound that adversely affects wildlife and human activity can be considered as noise pollution. Sound that is capable of damaging physical structures can also be considered as noise pollution. However, the damage must also be on a repeated basis (What is what.com 2011). Noise pollution is difficult to control. This is because noise is transient and localized. It usually is temporary and not inherently dangerous. It does not accumulate in our bodies or the environment. Also, the impacts of noise to human beings and animals are subjective. This is because the impact of less damaging sound is harder to determine . It is also difficult to disentangle offending noises from background noises (Wolf Stanley 2011). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) came up with regulations that aim at reducing noise levels so that people are not affected (Wang et al. 2005). The organization has implemented a rating system in which levels of noise in a work place are regulated. Employers are therefore required to protect their employees against noise pollution through these regulations (Demand Media 2011). The organization has come up with a system that regulates the amount of time and the noise levels. Therefore, an employee must not be exposed to a sound equal to or exceeding 85 dB for more than 8 hours (United States Department of Labor 2011). Reference List Agarwal, S. (2009). Noise Pollution. New Delhi, APH Publishing Corporation. Demand media. (2011). OSHA Requirements for Noise. Web. Tripathy, D. (n. d.). Noise Pollution. New Delhi: APH Publishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Hazard of Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More United States Department of Labor. (2011). Occupational Safety Health Administration. Web. Wang et al. (2005). Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control. Vol. 2. Totowa, Humana Press Inc. What is what.com (2011). What is Noise Pollution? Web. Wolf, S., Stanley, N., 2011, Wolf and Stanley on Environmental Law. New York, Routledge.